| కృష్ణా Krishna |
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| — district — | |
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| Coordinates | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| Headquarters | Machilipatnam |
| Population • Density |
4,529,009 (2,011 Census) • 519 /km2 (1,344 /sq mi) |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) |
| Area | 8,727 square kilometres (3,370 sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.krishna.gov.in |
Krishna District (Telugu: కృష్ణా జిల్లా) is a district of India's Andhra Pradesh state. It is named after the Krishna River, the third longest river that flows within India, flows through the district and joins Bay of Bengal here in this district. It has a population of 4,529,009 of which 32.08% is urban as of 2011.[1]
Machilipatnam is the administrative headquarters of the district. Vijayawada is the biggest city of this district and also commercial center. The district is bounded by Khammam District to the north-west, West Godavari District to the north-east, the Bay of Bengal to the south-east, Guntur District to the southwest, and Nalgonda District to the west.
Krishna district is well known for its pre-university educational centers.
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This history of this region dates back to 2nd century BCE.[2]
Satavahana period (230 BC -227 AD): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at Srikaakulam. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Goutamputra Satakarni and Yagnasri Satakarni (last Satavahan king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries.
Pallavas (500 AD - 340 AD): The Pallava kingdom spread over from Krishna river to Tungabhadra, including Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at venginagar near Ellore and Pithapuram, both in Vengidesa.
Bruhitpalayanas: The contemporaries of pallavas who ruled the district with Koduru as their capital.
Vishnukundinas (5th Century AD): The 5th century rulers who excavated cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in Vijayawada) and Undavalli, etc.
Eastern chalukyas (615 AD - 1070 AD): The entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at Undavalli and rock cut shrines and Shiva temples.
Cholas: Cholas ruled this region with capital at Rajamahendri . It was during Rajarajanaredra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the Mahabharata in to Telugu.
Kakatiyas: They ruled this region up to early 14th century with Orugallu as their capital.
Reddy dynasty : On the downfall of Pratapa Rudra of Kakatiya, the eldest son of Pulaya Vema Reddi found himself independent and established himself in the hill fort of Kondavedu. He also possessed himself of the fortress of Bellamkonda, Vinukonda and Nagarjuna konda in the Palanad. The Kondavidu Reddi’s were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in –law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court. The ruins of fortresses at Kondavidu, Ballamkonda and Kondapalli are still to be seen.
Gajapathis of Orissa: Kapileswara Gajapathi is preserved by the village Kapileswarapuram now in Pamidimukkala mandal. He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in Vijayawada) and constructed a reservoir at Kondapalli.
Vijayanagara empire: Krishna devaraya of Vijayanagar conquered this region in early 16th century.
Qutb Shahis: In 1512, the Kingdom of Golconda or Hyderabad was founded by one Sultan Quli Qutub Shah. The Kingdom of Golconda included this district within its limits. Abu-l-Hussain Shah was the last of Qutab Shahi dynasty known as Tanisha. He had two ministers, both Brahmins, named Madanna and Akkanna. Popular tradition attributed this preference of Vijayawada to the devotion of the two ministers to the goddess Kanaka Durga.
Nizams: The Emperor Aurangazeb included this district in the province of Golconda, which remained under Asaf jah who was appointed as Subedar or Viceroy of the Deccan in 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk. The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs’ charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry and Chicacole (Srikakulam). The Nawab of Rajahmundry ruled the country induced in the Krishna District.
The English: In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at Masulipatnam which was their headquarters until they finally moved to Madras in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at Masulipatnam. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748 his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761 the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.
Krishna District with its District Headquarters at vijayawada was formerly called as Machlipatnam District. Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished Guntur District in 1859 with vijayawada with its head. Guntur district was separated from Krishna in 1904. Again in 1925 Krishna District was further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. There were no significant further changes in its jurisdiction except some minor changes (in Divi Taluk and Munagala paragana).
Historic places in the district include:
Religiously significant places include:
The Krishna district occupies an area of 8,727 square kilometres (3,370 sq mi),[3] comparatively equivalent to Corsica.[4] The district is divided into upland and coastal area. Kolleru Lake, one of India's most ecologically significant wetlands, lies partly within the district.
The main hill range of the district known as Kondapalli runs between Nandigama and Vijayawada with a length of about 24 km. The other impart hills are Jammalavoidurgam, Mogalrajapuram and Indrakiladri hills. On the Indrakiladri hills at Vijayawada stands the famous temple of Kanakadurga.
The chief rivers of the district are the Krishna (length 1,280 km), Muniyeru (Muneru), the Tammileru and Budameru. Krishna river debouches in to the Bay of Bengal at Hamsala Divi and Nachugunta in this district. The district contains small hillstreams viz., Jayanthi, Kattaleru, Ippalavagu, Upputeru, Telleru, Ballaleru, Nadimeyeru.
Kolleru (Telugu: కొల్లేరు సరస్సు) is a large freshwater lake in India. Kolleru spans into two districts - Krishna and West Godavari. The lake serves as a natural flood-balancing reservoir for these two rivers. The lake is fed directly by water from the seasonal Budameru and Tammileru streams, and is connected to the Krishna and Godavari systems by over 68 inflowing drains and channels. The lake was an important habitat for an estimated 20 million resident and migratory birds, including the Grey or Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis). The lake was notified as a wildlife sanctuary in November 1999 under India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, and designated a wetland of international importance in November 2002 under the international Ramsar Convention. The wildlife sanctuary covers an area of 308 km².
The climatic conditions of the district consist of extremely hot summers and mild winters and may be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in the region is about 1028 mm and is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon.
| Climate data for Vijayawada(1951-1980)[5] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) |
32.7 (90.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
37.4 (99.3) |
39.8 (103.6) |
37.2 (99.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.8 (89.2) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.6 (85.3) |
33.6 (92.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 18.7 (65.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.1 (66.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 0.9 (0.035) |
5.3 (0.209) |
9.6 (0.378) |
14.3 (0.563) |
51.3 (2.02) |
131.9 (5.193) |
218.4 (8.598) |
185.6 (7.307) |
163.5 (6.437) |
142..6 (5.59) |
51.3 (2.02) |
6.7 (0.264) |
998.2 (39.299) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 7.6 | 12.6 | 11.5 | 8.8 | 7.1 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 56.1 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department.[6] | |||||||||||||
Three types of soils viz., Black Cotton (57.6%), Sand clay loams (22.3%) and Red loams (19.4%).
Natural Gas and Crude Oil is found extensively offshore and on the coastal belt of the district Small deposits of Diamonds are available.Limestone is a major mineral extracted in the district.Sand quarrying for construction is extracted from krishna and munneru rivers.
The Majority of the people in Urban areas of Krishna district are engaged in trade and commerce. Agriculture is the most important occupation of the people of the district.
The District hosts many industries. KCP Sugar Factory at Vuyyur is one of the largest sugar plants in India. Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS) near Ibrahimpatnam is ranked as the No.1 Power generation unit in India for its high performance. Apart from this, many medium Scale Cement factories are there throughout the district. There are many small scale industries like musical instruments at Jaggayyapeta, gold-plated ornaments at Machilipatnam and Kondapalli toys. SIRIS Pharmaceutical Company at Vijayawada is another giant company manufacturing Allopathic medicines. The oldest port in Andhra Pradesh is at Machilipatnam.
In 2007–2008 the International Institute for Population Sciences interviewed 1229 households in 34 villages across the district.[7] They found that 94.7% had access to electricity, 93.4% had drinking water, 60.3% toilet facilities, and 45.5% lived in a pucca (permanent) home.[7] 20.6% of girls wed before the legal age of 18[8] and 76.9% of interviewees carried a BPL card.[7]
The District is divided into four revenue divisions namely Vijayawada, Nuzvid, Machilipatnam, Gudivada revenue divisions each headed by a sub collector.
There are a total of 50 mandals in Krishna District
Krishna district has two parliamentary constituencies Vijayawada and Machilipatnam. In Andhra pradesh assembly Krishna district has 16 constituencies namely Tiruvuru (SC), Nandigama (SC), Mylavaram, Jaggayyapeta, Vijayawada (West), Vijayawada (Central), Vijayawada (East), Penamaluru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Pedana, Gudivada, Kaikaluru, Machilipatnam, Avanigadda, Pamarru (SC).
Telugu Desam and Congress(I) are the main parties in the district.
Four national highways pass through the district
According to the 2011 census, the Krishna district has a population of 4,529,009 ,[9] roughly equal to the nation of Croatia[10] or the US state of Louisiana.[11] This gives it a ranking of 34th in India (out of a total of 640) and 4th in its state.[9] The district has a population density of 519 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,340 /sq mi) .[9] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 8.15 %.[9] Krishna has a sex ratio of 997 females for every 1000 males,[9] and a literacy rate of 74.37 %.[9]
The Telugu Dialect of this region is often considered to be standard dialect of Telugu.
The Kuchipudi dance form originated from this district.
It is the birth place of many significant personalities in this part of the world, including:
The district has no forests worth mentioning. The forest occupies only 9% of the total district area. However, it contains Reserved Forest areas in Nandigama, Vijayawada, Tiruvuru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Bandar and Divi Taluks. A type of lightwood known as ‘Ponuku’ (Gyrocapus Jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills. The wood is used for the manufacture of the well known Kondpalli toys. The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina.
Panthers, hyenas, jungle cats, foxes, bears and other carnivorous mammalian fauna are found here. Deer, spotted deer sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. A migrant gray billed pelican is a protected bird in the Kollair lake bordering the Krishna district. The district has a large number of Murrah buffaloes and cows.
Vijayawada is one of the main education centers in Andhra Pradesh. NTR University of Health Sciences is located in Vijayawada. Krishna University is located in Machilipatnam.[12] is present in Nuzvid. South Indian branch of School of Planning and Architecture is present in Vijayawada.
It boasts Headquarters of numerous residential colleges and schools like Sri Chaitanya, Nalanda, Gowtham, Sri Krishnaveni, American Medical Education for USMLE Coaching which are amongst the biggest/largest of the Corporate Educational Institutes in India.
District has numerous engineering colleges including Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, KLCE. AANM & VVRSR (Gudlavalleru) Polytechnic College, Mary Stella college, Sidhartha Degree College are few of the many famous arts and science colleges in the district.
Kabbadi is the most popular sport followed by cricket, volleyball and tennis. Indira Gandhi Municipal Stadium in Vijayawada hosts One Day Internationals Cricket matches of India.
| Nalgonda district | Khammam district | West Godavari district | ||
| Krishna district | ||||
| Guntur district | Bay of Bengal |
Places of tourist interest
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Vijayawada, also known as Bejawada IS THE CAPITAL OF THE DISTRICT. IT IS FAMOUS for its temple called durgamma temple. It is famous for its barrage. During British and french period of Rule it is famous for business. It is still big business center. The next important town in this district is machilipatnam. It is a biggest Railway junction in Andhra pradesh. It is also very famous for pilgrims. The DURGA Temple situated on top of hill INDRAKILADRI is very famous. Thousands of pilgrims visited this temple. The other places of visit are Prakash barrage, across KRISHNA River, Mogalraaja puram caves and Kondapalli toys are4 other attractions.